SRP Research Brief Features Work of Project 2 Team

A particular class of extracellular vesicles protects against neurotoxicity caused by cadmium exposure, according to an NIEHS Superfund Research Program (SRP)-funded study. Extracellular vesicles are small packages of fats, nucleic acids, or proteins that allow cells to communicate with each other and support numerous cellular functions.

Cadmium, a ubiquitous heavy metal pollutant resulting from mining, smelting, and other industrial processes, can accumulate in soil and water. Cadmium exposure has been linked to neurotoxicity, but the underlying mechanisms involved are not well known.

Led by postdoctoral fellow Zunwei Chen, Ph.D., and Center Director Quan Lu, Ph.D., of the Harvard SRP Center, researchers set out to explore if a unique class of extracellular vesicles, called arrestin domain-containing protein 1 (ARRDC1)-mediated microvesicles (ARMMs), may hold part of the answer. Unlike other extracellular vesicles, ARMMs bud directly from the cell’s plasma membrane when the protein ARRDC1 is present.

Neural Cells Respond to Cadmium

The team carried out a series of experiments exposing a human neural cell line to cadmium. Then they looked at toxicity to the cells, the amount of extracellular vesicles produced and their contents, and markers of oxidative stress.

Extracellular vesicle production increased with cadmium dose in neural cells. Within vesicles, 392 proteins were unique to the cadmium-exposed cells.

In particular, ARRDC1 was enriched within extracellular vesicles exposed to cadmium, leading the researchers to suggest that cadmium exposure likely increased the production of ARMMs in the neural cells.

Cells exposed to cadmium, blue and orange bars, produced more extracellular vesicles than control cells not exposed to cadmium, shown in gray (A). Those extracellular vesicles similarly had higher expression of ARRDC1 with higher levels of cadmium exposure. (Image adapted from Chen et al., 2023)

ARMMs Help Block Neurotoxicity

To confirm the role of ARMMs, the researchers then looked at neural cells without the ability to produce ARRDC1, and therefore ARMMs, using similar methods.

In cells modified to lack ARRDC1, overall production of extracellular vesicles decreased by 30-40%, which the authors attributed to the lack of ARMMs.

Cells without ARRDC1 were more susceptible to cytotoxicity resulting from cadmium exposure. These cells had higher markers of oxidative stress and higher expression of oxidative stress genes compared to cells with ARRDC1, which had higher expression of antioxidant proteins.

When the scientists added isolated ARMMs back into cultures lacking ARRDC1, cells were protected from cadmium toxicity. They concluded that the transfer of antioxidant proteins is a key mechanism underlying the protective effect of ARMMs.

According to the authors, ARMMs help protect neural cells by reducing oxidative stress in response to cadmium exposure and may be used therapeutically to protect against the neurotoxicity of cadmium and potentially other metals.

Schematic overview of how ARMMs protect neural cells from cadmium toxicity. (Image adapted from Chen et al., 2023) 

Please refer to the following source:

Chen Z, Qiao Z, Wirth CR, Park H, Lu Q. 2023. Arrestin domain-containing protein 1-mediated microvesicles (ARMMs) protect against cadmium-induced neurotoxicity. Extracell Vesicle 2:100027. doi:10.1016/j.vesic.2023.100027 PMID:37614814PMCID:PMC10443948